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serum
A light yellow transparent liquid that is coagulated by blood. If the blood is taken out from the blood vessel and placed in a test tube without an anticoagulant, the blood coagulation reaction is activated, and the blood rapidly solidifies to form a jelly. The clot is contracted, and the pale yellow transparent liquid deposited around it is serum, and can also be obtained by centrifugation after coagulation. During the blood coagulation process, fibrinogen is converted into a fibrin block, so there is no fibrinogen in the serum, which is different from plasma. In the blood coagulation reaction, platelets release many substances, and each clotting factor also changes. These components remain in the serum and continue to change, such as prothrombin to thrombin, and gradually decrease or disappear with serum storage time. These are also differences from plasma. However, a large number of substances that did not participate in the blood coagulation reaction were basically the same as plasma. In order to avoid the interference of anticoagulants, the analysis of many chemical components in the blood uses serum as a sample.
plasma
It is equivalent to the intercellular substance of connective tissue. It is an important component of blood and is a pale yellow liquid (because it contains bilirubin). Among the chemical components of plasma, water accounts for 90 to 92%, and solute is mainly plasma protein. Plasma protein is a general term for a variety of proteins, which can be divided into three categories: albumin, globulin and fibrinogen by salting out. The functions of plasma proteins include: maintaining plasma colloid osmotic pressure; composing a blood buffer system to participate in maintaining blood acid-base balance; transporting nutrients and metabolites, plasma proteins are hydrophilic colloids, and many insoluble substances are combined with them to become soluble. The substance in water; the nutritional function, the amino acid produced by the decomposition of plasma protein, can be used to synthesize tissue protein or oxidative decomposition to supply energy; participate in coagulation and immunity. The inorganic salts of plasma mainly exist in the ionic state, and the total amount of positive and negative ions is equal, maintaining electrical neutrality. These ions play an important role in maintaining plasma osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, and normal excitability of nerves and muscles. The various chemical components of plasma are constantly changing within a certain range. The concentrations of glucose, protein, fat and hormones are most susceptible to the nutritional status and the activity of the organism, while the concentration of inorganic salts is relatively small. The relatively constant physical and chemical properties of plasma is the primary manifestation of homeostasis.
The total osmotic pressure of plasma is 313 milliosmoles per liter, which is equivalent to 7 atmospheres (5330 mmHg, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and the colloid osmotic pressure does not exceed 1.5 milliosmoles per liter (25 mm Hg). The rest is the crystal osmotic pressure. pH 7.35 ~ 7.47. The relative viscosity compared to water is 1.6 to 2.4.
All blood after anticoagulation treatment of blood is whole blood; the pale yellow liquid obtained after centrifugation to remove blood cells is plasma.
If the blood does not undergo anticoagulation treatment, let him coagulate itself, then within a period of time after the blood is drawn, the blood will automatically agglutinate under the action of a series of coagulation factors, and the blood first solidifies into a whole, and then after a period of time or use Centrifuge the centrifuge and the solidified part of the blood will separate from the clear yellowish liquid. These fluids are called serum. Serum and plasma seem to be no different on the surface, but the main difference is that the serum does not contain fibrinogen, which is obtained after blood coagulation without anticoagulation treatment.
Blood tests are often encountered in tests that require serum testing, whole blood testing, and plasma testing. These are the three main treatments and requirements for blood specimens.
Serum is mostly used for the determination of blood biochemistry and immunity; plasma is mostly used for the determination of blood coagulation; whole blood is mostly used for the determination of blood cells, blood routine, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Anticoagulant treatment of blood requires anticoagulant. What anticoagulant should be selected according to the specific experimental requirements.
The blood consists of two components, the liquid component plasma and the formed hematopoietic cells, and the serum is a pale yellow clear liquid that precipitates after blood coagulation, and some coagulation factors and fibrinogen are less than plasma.
Serum or anti-coagulant plasma is suitable for most biochemical tests. Most of the current serum samples are used. The serum sample is prepared without adding an anticoagulant, and after the release, the serum can be released for analysis, thereby eliminating the step of preparing the plasma to separate the blood cells from the plasma by centrifugation. In addition, since the preparation of serum does not add anticoagulant to eliminate the interference of anticoagulant on some substances to be tested or their reaction system, for example, oxalate can inhibit the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and amylase, and is not suitable Determination of calcium and potassium (especially with potassium oxalate as an anticoagulant) EDTA can inhibit alkaline phosphatase, angiotensin converting enzyme, uric acid (uric acid method) determination of fluoride interference with uric acid, urease determination, EDTA-Na It can not be used for the determination of calcium, sodium and nitrogen compounds in plasma. The reaction system containing amylase contains chlorine and calcium ions, and the anticoagulant is also banned. The above specimens may be anticoagulated with heparin.
Some biochemical test items require rapid exchange of blood and cells between blood cells and plasma. It is necessary to separate blood cells and plasma as soon as possible after blood collection. This requires the addition of anticoagulant and timely delivery of heparin as an anticoagulant to interfere with plasma components. Less, but should pay attention to the ratio of hepatic cord activity unit to blood volume, generally take heparin concentration of 1000 units / m1. Use a syringe to absorb the above concentration of heparin sterilization solution to wet the inner wall, and then discharge the excess solution to use. After the blood is not taken from the heparin-free syringe, the blood should be quickly transferred to the heparin-containing test tube. The dried heparin-containing tube is used to avoid dilution of the blood sample with a heparin solution. But heparin is more expensive. Obviously, heparin ammonia is not used for blood ammonia determination, and heparin sodium is not used for the determination of blood sodium.
Plasma samples are suitable for the determination of ammonia, lactic acid, catecholamines, fibrinogen, plasma hemoglobin, and the like. For example, when blood cells are used as test specimens, blood cell hormone receptor radioligand assay, erythrocyte nucleoside phosphorylase, various nucleotides, creatine, etc. are all added to the anticoagulant to separate the hemorrhage cells. . Anticoagulated whole blood specimens are rarely used directly for biochemical analysis, because it is often necessary to prepare a hemorrhagic filtrate for analysis. Especially after the clinical laboratory uses a fully automatic or semi-automatic biochemical analyzer, serum plasma specimens should be used for the experiment.
A summary of the preservation of blood specimens:
Any blood biochemical test specimens that cannot be immediately sent to the tester can be temporarily stored in a refrigerator or ice water at 4-6 ° C. If not analyzed for a long time, the plasma (serum) can be stored frozen, but the whole blood should not be frozen, otherwise it will hemolyze.
Blood specimens for blood gas determination should be avoided as much as possible. Some blood specimens need to be stored in the dark, such as serum creatine muscle enzyme activity will be fixed and the activity is reduced. Used to collect and measure serum trace elements
The blood test tube, including the syringe, is washed with acid foam, ultra-clean water, and disinfected. After the blood is drawn, in order to prevent contamination of the syringe, a part of the blood sample can be discarded, and blood is drawn, and dust and sweat stains are avoided as much as possible. Wear masks and gloves when testing ribonucleotides to avoid contamination of saliva and sweat on your hands, as ribose acids in saliva and sweat contain a higher concentration of ribonuclease.
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