China's traditional furniture has a long history of development and was once in the forefront of the world. However, in modern times, Chinese furniture began to decline under the impact of Western industrial civilization. Ming style furniture occupies an unshakable position in the history of traditional furniture in China. The unique national culture and the science of design concepts are worth learning and learning. The most special thing about Ming Dynasty furniture is the structure of 榫å¯, which is not only one of the main structures of traditional furniture, but also an important indicator of the continuity of traditional furniture. The æ¦«å¯ structure has been circulated for thousands of years and has been widely used by ancient furniture craftsmen, leaving a glorious history for ancient Chinese civilization.
Ming style furniture refers to the unique traditional Han furniture made by hard craftsmen such as rosewood, eucalyptus, rosewood and other hardwood materials since the middle of the Ming Dynasty. The furniture produced in the Jiangnan area centered on Suzhou is the most sought after by the world.
Style features of Ming style furniture:
(1) The shape is generous, the proportion is moderate, and the outline is concise and stretched;
(2) Structural science, precision, firmness and firmness;
(å) The selection of materials is exquisite, revealing the beauty of nature;
(4) The foot is handled properly, and the starting point of the carving is used;
(5) With the literati scroll.
"榫" and "å¯"
It is the earliest language of scientific design in Chinese architecture. In the history of the development of our national civilization, the invention of Chinese characters has a long history and a self-contained system. The law of furniture development is the inheritance of traditional architectural wood structure. The unparalleled and intricate structure of the bucket arch gives the design soul of Ming furniture.
According to the author's preliminary statistics, there are dozens of Chinese furniture enamel structures, and each name's gimmicks will be different in appearance according to the appearance of the appearance, and can also be derived from a variety of flaws. North and South artisans have created unique structures based on regional culture, which are intriguing and intriguing.
In the production process of Ming and Qing Dynasties, almost all the essences of the structure types of enamel are used. On the top of a classic furniture of the Ming Dynasty, the range of the use of æ¦«å¯ structures is different and the types are different, but they all play an important role in the overall joint structure of the furniture.
There are more than 100 kinds of enamel structures used in the Ming Dynasty classical furniture in China, which can be divided into several types: one is the combination of face and face, or the combination of two sides, and it can also be the interface of face and side. Such as swallowtail scorpion, notched sputum, sputum sputum, wearing sputum and so on.
The role of æ¦«å¯ structure and its combination
The æ¦«å¯ structure is a Chinese ancient building with wood and brick as the main building materials. The timber frame structure is the main structural mode. The structure is constructed by main components such as columns, beams and smooth rafts. The nodes are matched by æ¦«å¯ to form a flexible frame.æ¦«å¯ is an extremely delicate invention. This type of component connection makes the traditional Chinese wooden structure a special flexible structure that transcends the contemporary building frame, frame or rigid frame. It can not only bear large loads, but also allow certain The deformation, by seismic deformation, offsets a certain seismic energy and reduces the seismic response of the structure. As the essence of traditional Chinese furniture, the 2æ¦«å¯ structure is the earliest language with scientific design significance in China. This ancient structure can be traced back to 5000-3000 BC. The ancestors' houses in Hemudu River Basin are mostly made of wooden structures. And use the technique of making.
In the history of the development of our national civilization, the structure of æ¦«å¯ is like a long-standing and self-contained system of Chinese characters. The traditional Chinese furniture can remain strong for hundreds of years, thanks to the clever design of the enamel structure. The æ¦«å¯ structure is a joint method in which solid wood furniture is usually subjected to a concave-convex treatment on two connected members. The protruding part is called 榫; the concave part is called å¯, which is the main structural form of furniture styling. The various sputum practices are different and the application range is different, but they have the “joint†effect of the physical structure on each piece of furniture. According to the structure and cooperation, the structure can be roughly divided into three types:
(1) The joint of the face and the face may be a combination of two sides, or a face-to-edge joint. Such as "notch 榫", "Qiaokou 榫", "Dovetail 榫", "wearing 榫", "Zha 榫" and so on.
(2) As a structural method of "points". It is mainly used for the combination of horizontal and vertical T-shaped, angulated, cross-bonded, and extended joints of straight and curved materials. Such as "shoulders", "double shackles", "double shackles", "hook 榫", "锲 榫", "half 榫", "overnight" and so on. For example, the crescent handrails, incense sticks, etc. in the typical Ming-style seats are all made of curved curved materials, and some also adopt the method of “squeezing nailsâ€. The appearance of curved curved joints greatly enriches the traditional furniture. The expressiveness of the smooth lines, the exquisite and delicate lines make the traditional Ming style furniture more humane and flamboyant. It is also widely used in the connection of different texture materials, making the expression of the furniture plane more colorful, showing the concern for people's needs through the reaction between soft, hard, coarse and fine. And care.
(3) A construction method that combines and interconnects two components. This method is more complicated and special than the use of some of the above-mentioned joint structures. For example, there are "Tuojiao", "long and short", "holding shoulders", "corner" and so on. Such as shoulder straps, used in the shoulders of utensils, also often appear in the waist of the waist furniture and the waist of the legs and legs, and has a corner-shaped blink, the upper and lower sides, the horizontal surface are half awkward, all objects assembled The rear upper plate is decorated and the design is very clever.
Extended reading: six major styles of Ming style furniture and twenty-four beautiful
Let's take a look at several ways to connect the structure:
Wear bucket type: The column is placed along the depth direction. The column is dense, and the column diameter is slightly smaller. No beam is used. It is used to “wear†through the column, and the short column can be placed on the top. The advantage is that the material is small, the mountain surface has good wind resistance; the disadvantage is that the indoor column is dense and the space is not wide enough.
Lifting beam type: Arrange the stone foundation along the depth direction, the upper column, the column frame beam, the beam on the melon column, the short beam, the top is the melon column, which constitutes a truss; the horizontal truss is used to connect the column top, the beam The head and the top of the melon column are horizontally squatted, and the rafters are subjected to the rafters and the roof, so that the truss is completely integrated into one. The advantage is that there are few pillars or no pillars in the room, and a large space can be obtained; the disadvantage is that the beams and the like are large and consume. More wood.
Well dry type: The round or semi-circular wood is opened at both ends and combined into a rectangular wooden frame, which is stacked as a wall - actually a wooden load-bearing structural wall. It has a large amount of consumables, and the width and depth of the building are limited by the length of the wood. The appearance is heavy and the application is not wide.
Rationality and scientificity of the design concept of 榫å¯
(1) "Heaven and Man" thought and green design. The design of the æ¦«å¯ structure does not violate the natural texture and characteristics of the wood. The craftsmen have grasped the material in a fairly accurate state, and truly achieved the mentality of the ancients' "Heaven and Man". In terms of structure, the structure of the Ming furniture makes full use of the characteristics of the material itself, without the use of foreign objects such as glue and nails, using natural joints, without attaching other parts, ensuring flexibility without damaging the furniture. And scientific, easy to load and disassemble, achieve a perfect degree of perfection in terms of decoration and functionality, and can be fully and effectively recycled and reused after the product is scrapped, thereby achieving the effect of saving energy and protecting the environment, mapping people and The essence of natural harmony and coincidence with modern green design ideas.
(2) Simple design
The simple structure of Chinese traditional furniture has a simple modern beauty. The furniture designed according to this simple idea, although the decorative accessories are few, each has its own pleasing connotation and image. They all abandon the feeling of luxury and grace, but they are more contemporary; the appearance is simple and even minimalist. Will continue to dominate the trend, whether from the structure, or from the production process, the application of new materials, etc. can be consistent with the characteristics of the times, it is easy to achieve mechanization, automated and efficient production. This is also the embodiment of the traditional Chinese furniture æ¦«å¯ structure in the “green designâ€. For the green design in modern products, the designer can not make macro-controls, which can only be embodied in the design, that is to use the least amount of materials. Do the most work, produce the most products, reduce waste, reduce pollution, and achieve the most perfect function.
The traditional Chinese artifacts are precisely because of their form, color, materials, structure and other elements, and they have a very harmonious form of beauty. In the same way, the perfect function of ancient artifacts is also realized because of its proper selection, technological science and reasonable structure. In accordance with the natural physical properties, following the laws of nature, the natural physical properties and the ingenuity and ingenuity of human beings are perfectly combined to achieve the realm of "natural work" and "manuality", thus forming the overall harmonious beauty of the product. The whole body is ethereal, stretched and generous, overflowing with the meaning of the book brush and ink, and very modern. Whether in the past, present or future, the structure will play a unique role.
Conclusion
The wealth of material life, the delicate expression of emotions, the pursuit of high quality of life, the inheritance and development of the harmony and integration of traditional furniture culture and architecture and environment, which are all obtained from the architecture and furniture displayed by the structure. Good embodiment. The cultural essence of Taoist thought is well explained in the connection structure of these concave and convex. At a deeper level, the structure of the æ¦«å¯ structure is a good reflection of the beauty of the Chinese nation, both in terms of the beauty of the external craftsmanship and the inner cultural essence. Cultural connotation.
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