Since the advent of the IC card, due to its high security, large storage capacity, and portability, its application market has grown rapidly, and the demand and requirements for IC cards have also increased. However, due to the fact that contact IC cards are prone to wear, slow transaction speed, and limited by the use environment, they are limited in many specific application fields, and the demand for non-contact IC cards is increasing. However, the current large number of non-contact IC cards is a logical encryption card, which cannot meet the requirements of many applications in terms of security and storage capacity. Another example is that in some systems with multiple cards, some applications are suitable for contact cards, while others are more suitable for non-contact applications. Based on these requirements, the emergence of the Dual Interface Card has solved these problems and contradictions.
The main features of the dual interface card are: convenient, safe, flexible, and support for multiple applications.
First, technical characteristics
Generally, there are three ways to classify dual interface cards: the first is contactless non-contact is two independent chips; the second is contact non-contact is independent, but there is partial shared storage space; these two are actually only dual interface card development The intermediate product in the process cannot be called a dual interface card. There is no practical application and there will be no application. In the current sense, the dual interface cards mentioned in the general sense are all true dual interface cards. There is only one chip. All resources of a CPU and a chip are shared. Only one COS can be accessed through both the contact interface and the non-contact interface. Access the same storage area and perform the same operation. Its contact interface is fully compliant with ISO/IEC 7816; non-contact is in accordance with ISO/IEC 14443.
The technique of discussing dual interface cards involves several aspects, not just the sum of contact technology and non-contact technology. Should be divided into chip technology, operating system, reading and writing equipment, etc., more detailed division also involves packaging technology, card-based materials, etc.
The chip technology of dual interface cards is also concentrated in the hands of a few chip suppliers. Many domestic and foreign manufacturers are developing or have introduced dual interface card chips. However, the dual interface card chips are different from ordinary contact smart card chips. It requires high chip design and processing requirements, especially in terms of chip parameter consistency and reliability, and whether it can be successfully applied to a project.
The operating system of the dual interface card is also a key link for the smooth promotion of the dual interface card. It has considerable experience and strength to get involved in the development of the dual interface card operating system. The development of the operating system needs to solve many difficulties: energy supply, RF signal conversion, anti-collision mechanism, power consumption and safety, and most importantly, due to non-contact operation, the card does not stay in a fixed position, the energy supply is uneven and stable, so the integrity of the data and the sustainability of the operation It becomes very important that the cards are plugged and unplugged. There are only a handful of operating system developers with this capability and the ability to actually use it.
The packaging of the dual interface card cannot be simply regarded as a simple combination of the contact card packaging technology and the contactless card packaging technology, and the process requirements and complexity are much higher than the contact card or the contactless card. There are currently two packaging technologies: injection molding and lamination. Simply put, injection molding is to complete the welding of the antenna and the module, place it in the mold, fix its position, and then inject the liquid plastic. After the material is cooled, the package is completed; the lamination is pressed into the antenna in the multi-layer packaging medium. The chip position uses a milling cutter to dig out the groove of the module size, and the module is fixed while ensuring the connection between the non-contact pin on the module and the two ends of the antenna. In addition, there are also printing methods to manufacture antennas. Cards based on this technology have not been applied yet, and performance is yet to be verified. There are many key technologies in the packaging process of the dual interface card, which are different from the package of the single interface card, such as the position and contact of the antenna correctly milled when the groove is milled; the antenna with the best design matching (the diameter, area and spacing of the antenna) Etc.), the length unit is calculated in micrometers; the two interfaces are not affected by each other; the degree of tight coupling between the antenna and the module, module and card base is directly related to parameters such as life, resistance to distortion and bending resistance; Quality inspection of the two interfaces after packaging, and so on. The card surface printing of the dual interface card is also slightly different from the general card. The bump of the antenna is likely to appear on the surface of the card, forming a very obvious mark.
The core technology developed by contactless reading and writing devices mainly relies on dedicated chips or modules imported from abroad to realize signal conversion and data communication, provide anti-collision mechanism and data security processing, and can be embedded in other devices. The manufacturer of the dual interface chip usually provides the corresponding read/write chip or module. The module can support its own chip and its compatible chip. The device manufacturer selects the corresponding module according to their own needs and realizes the morphological function. Different reading and writing devices, in fact, the internal radio frequency reading and writing core is similar, only a few.
Second, the application area
Internationally, Busan Korea established a city bus toll system based on dual interface cards in 1998. Although the application form is not a typical dual interface card, it is also the beginning of contact non-contact hybrid application, and verified the feasibility of this technology. Sex. In the financial sector, international financial organizations are considering the transition of financial cards to IC cards, and dual-interface cards are also under consideration; in the public transport sector in France, Italy and Singapore, urban buses supporting dual-interface cards have been implemented or are being prepared. System; in the field of identity authentication, a new generation of identity documents in Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong are considered to be implemented using dual interface cards. In some countries, telecom cards, loyalty cards, and campus cards all express strong interest in dual-interface cards.
The application of dual interface cards in China should be very representative. It should be said that there is no obvious gap between domestic and international, and even domestic technology development and application promotion are ahead of the international market.
The largest and most successful dual-interface card is typically used in the Dalian City Card System, which issues the Dalian “Pearl Cardâ€, which is used for automatic metering of buses, taxis, light rails, and future water and electricity meter charges in urban public utilities. Financial payments, shopping, etc. A total of nearly 500,000 cards have been issued so far, and they are in good condition. His significance is that the technology of the dual interface card has entered the stage of use, and is no longer just a technology leader.
In domestic applications, in addition to the public sector, there is also an ETC (electronic non-stop) toll collection system in the field of intelligent transportation. Two application examples are the Shanghai Hongqiao Airport Expressway non-stop toll collection system and the Guangdong Expressway Networked Non-stop toll collection system. The current implementation method is a two-piece electronic label based on a dual interface card, which is used for highway collection and payment. When the vehicle quickly passes through the open toll lane, the in-vehicle electronic tag uses the contact interface of the dual interface card to communicate with the toll antenna at the roadside; in the toll booth, the card is pulled out of the electronic tag through its non-contact interface. Debit the wallet on the card.
At the beginning of 2002, the National Tourism Administration issued a dual-interface card tour guide card nationwide, with nearly 200,000 copies. Sinopec's fuel card project also incorporates dual interface cards into the specification. The fuel card based on dual interface cards has obvious advantages in practical applications, mainly in terms of longevity and adaptability to the environment.
The advantages of the dual interface card are mainly reflected in the following points:
safety
Mobility
Convenience
The dual interface card is compatible with existing contact IC card devices, and the system is easy to upgrade; the non-contact mode is faster and more convenient. The dual interface card has a non-contact interface that allows the card to be used without being removed from the wallet, as the card's read and write operations do not require physical contact with the card reader terminal. Such a card is not easily physically worn, so the dual interface card is not easily affected by the environment and destroys the use effect.
At present, the actual application of dual interface cards is not a lot. As a new product, a process is required for users to accept and approve. At present, the focus of product application is on urban utilities, the so-called card system. For simple bus automatic toll collection systems, owners tend to use contactless logic encryption cards. However, if it is the city card, the municipal card system, the current concept of “urban card†abroad, covering the consumption areas commonly used by citizens in the city, using dual interface cards, it is excellent in terms of safety, convenience, and system construction cost. For logical encryption cards, the infrastructure and facilities of contact IC cards have been established for certain areas. With proven technology, contact CPU cards will continue to be used. For example, the banking community is beginning to be interested in handling large transaction volumes in the field of contactless cards, which is another advantage of dual interface card applications.
The dual interface card has a dual information exchange method to make full use of the existing contact card system to add a small amount of non-contact charging equipment to form a safe and efficient card consumption system. If you cooperate with the financial department to use the trading outlets and ATMs to transfer the bank account money into the card e-wallet, you can save investment in different system construction recharge outlets. Some small transactions, such as bus system charges, parks, cinema tickets, campus cards, fines, etc., can make use of the non-contact method convenient and fast. Large transactions can be made with more secure contact devices.
Third, there are problems
The emergence of a new thing always requires a process of development and improvement, adapting to the needs of the market while perfecting, and also the process of people's cognition and acceptance, even if there is a technological lead and how many advantages, if not The combination of market demand is still not acceptable to people.
Although the application of the dual interface card has been proposed many years ago, it is only just taking the first step, and there are many problems to be solved.
From a technical perspective:
At present, the biggest problem that hinders the development of dual interface cards should be the price issue. The price of dual interface cards is much higher than that of contact smart cards and contactless logical encryption cards, plus the difficulty of operating system development and special requirements for work and packaging. The complexity of product improvement and support leads to high prices. Secondly, it lacks perfect test standards and basis. It only uses some vague concepts to measure test products. The core of technology is in the hands of a few foreign manufacturers. There are very few chip manufacturers, and there is no effective competition mechanism, which affects the user's choice and decision in project implementation. From the chip and read and write devices, it is also relatively simple.
From an application perspective:
The majority of users have not fully accepted the concept of dual interface cards, and in the selection of projects, there is no serious consideration of dual interface cards. The dual interface card is the most suitable card for the card system, but the system design does not have a template to follow. How to plan the dual interface card in a specific industry or a specific project, how to give full play to the advantages of the dual interface card, save system investment and construction, User-friendly, this is still a question we are constantly exploring. Moreover, people's security awareness should be strengthened, and the application field of IC cards should be further expanded and improved. The Mifare 1 card has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, but its security is not comparable to that of dual-interface cards, but users often feel that Its security is enough. Furthermore, in high-end applications, such as finance, IC card applications need to be expanded and popularized to make dual interface cards useful.
From a market perspective:
China's regional administration has its own characteristics. Each place and every industry has an independent mode of operation. To a large extent, it can issue cards without restrictions, such as the bus system issuing, social security or other industries. The card was issued again. Any vehicle inside the bus system must issue the card itself. From a technical point of view, it is easy to combine these applications onto a single card; but the key is management mechanisms and profit-driven, hindering the use of one card and one card.
The development and popularization of dual interface cards is an important stage in the development of smart cards, and it is also a turning point. For the business in the IC card field is a test, but also a downtime, non-contact technology is more difficult to achieve than contact mode reading and writing technology, not only need some specific knowledge background, but also rely on dedicated RF read-write module or chip, cost High and complex. The current equipment mainly focuses on special-purpose reading and writing equipment for specific applications, lacking mature, universal, and stable non-contact equipment, and the equipment should also consider the problem of compatibility with chip cards of different manufacturers. Card compatibility also needs to be unified. In addition to the standard Type A and Type B defined in ISO/IEC 14443, there are many manufacturers that provide more or less chips that are not completely compatible and compatible with the standard. The manufacturer or organization is self-contained and follows its own standards. Users face a variety of choices, but also need to consider the system's standards, compatibility, upgrades, supply, openness and many other factors. Merchants also need to choose.
Fourth, the prospects and trends of development
In the near future, dual interface cards may be used in various public transportation systems such as buses, trams, subways, taxis, and light rails.
Various toll collection systems, such as highways, bridge tolls, terminals, port parking, parking charges, etc.
Various access management systems, such as post management, attendance management, access control management, etc.
Various prepaid occasions, such as telephones, electricity meters, gas meters, water meters, etc.;
Various bill purchase occasions, such as parks, cinemas, airports, train stations, docks, etc.
Various areas of personnel management. Such as driver management, logistics management, vehicle management, food and beverage consumption management, library management, etc.
Various financial trading areas. It can be used as a debit card, credit card, credit card, e-wallet card, etc. in banks, postal services, telecommunications, securities transactions, shopping malls, and entertainment venues with high security requirements.
A variety of areas that require encryption and authentication. Can be used for mobile phone SIM card, e-commerce transaction security certification card, electronic funds transfer card.
Various areas of identification. Can be used for identification card cargo management card, social insurance card, medical insurance card, business management card, patent card, tax declaration card, medical record card, various discount cards, student ID.
The above is too general to talk about. Recently, foreign countries, such as South Korea, proposed a new application mode for dual interface cards: embedding small-sized cards in mobile phones, the module does not need to lead to a separate non-contact interface, the mobile phone has an embedded antenna, and the chip is utilized. The remaining contacts on the module are connected to the antenna on the phone for non-contact communication, ie the antenna inside the card should extend into the phone.
Beijing has begun to design and implement a dual-interface card municipal system, and will be far-sighted to the Olympics, with broad prospects. The mobile platform based on dual interface cards also has a huge business opportunity. Through contact interface and non-contact interface, it can provide users with various services including telecommunications and finance.
The development of chip technology has been very rapid, and has evolved from the original 0.6 micron process, 8Kbytes space, Type A, DES, to the current 0.35 micron to 0.18 micron process, 4K, 8K, 16K, 32K, Type A&Type B&Mifare 1, DES & RSA. A dual interface card based on JAVA technology will soon be born. New technologies are emerging, and we are waiting to see more new products that we expect.
The high price of reading and writing equipment used to be a bottleneck restricting the development of contactless card applications. At present, whether it is a dedicated chip or a module, the price has dropped significantly compared with the past, and new products are continuously introduced. The price of this kind of product has not only decreased, but also the function has been greatly improved, and the processing capability has been greatly enhanced. Some modules have changed from supporting a single card to supporting multiple cards at the same time, realizing Mifare 1, standard Type A, Type B. Several cards are supported at the same time.
For the issuer and the user, selecting the Class A card and the Class B card does not affect the operation of the card application system, and directly affects the system's choice of non-contact reading and writing tools. At present, the development of non-contact RF reading and writing devices is compatible with a variety of types of cards, the same reader can recognize TYPE A and TYPE B and even more types of contactless cards, and the choice of tools becomes very large. In addition, dual interface chips supporting TYPE A and TYPE B have been introduced on the market, and cards can be set to support TYPE A or TYPE B according to user requirements. Cards of type TYPE A and TYPE B have their own advantages and disadvantages. It is not easy to say who is good or bad. Chinese users and other Asian countries seem to like Type A over Type B; but in the European market, people are also unique to Type B, and it should be said that there are more personal preferences, habits and cognitive sensations. Therefore, when performing card selection, it is not necessary to pay too much attention to whether to select TYPE A or TYPE B.
Non-contact technology is an important trend in the development of IC cards. Dual-interface cards will exist in a certain period of time. When people's cognition reaches a certain stage, the objective factors such as standardization, price, and support equipment have enough growth soil. Will develop on a large scale. But in what form it will exist, this has yet to be developed and progressed in technology. Perhaps a single-interface contactless smart card, perhaps in other forms, has no guess. It is completely dependent on the development of technology and the choice of the market. But we should be full of confidence.
The main features of the dual interface card are: convenient, safe, flexible, and support for multiple applications.
First, technical characteristics
Generally, there are three ways to classify dual interface cards: the first is contactless non-contact is two independent chips; the second is contact non-contact is independent, but there is partial shared storage space; these two are actually only dual interface card development The intermediate product in the process cannot be called a dual interface card. There is no practical application and there will be no application. In the current sense, the dual interface cards mentioned in the general sense are all true dual interface cards. There is only one chip. All resources of a CPU and a chip are shared. Only one COS can be accessed through both the contact interface and the non-contact interface. Access the same storage area and perform the same operation. Its contact interface is fully compliant with ISO/IEC 7816; non-contact is in accordance with ISO/IEC 14443.
The technique of discussing dual interface cards involves several aspects, not just the sum of contact technology and non-contact technology. Should be divided into chip technology, operating system, reading and writing equipment, etc., more detailed division also involves packaging technology, card-based materials, etc.
The chip technology of dual interface cards is also concentrated in the hands of a few chip suppliers. Many domestic and foreign manufacturers are developing or have introduced dual interface card chips. However, the dual interface card chips are different from ordinary contact smart card chips. It requires high chip design and processing requirements, especially in terms of chip parameter consistency and reliability, and whether it can be successfully applied to a project.
The operating system of the dual interface card is also a key link for the smooth promotion of the dual interface card. It has considerable experience and strength to get involved in the development of the dual interface card operating system. The development of the operating system needs to solve many difficulties: energy supply, RF signal conversion, anti-collision mechanism, power consumption and safety, and most importantly, due to non-contact operation, the card does not stay in a fixed position, the energy supply is uneven and stable, so the integrity of the data and the sustainability of the operation It becomes very important that the cards are plugged and unplugged. There are only a handful of operating system developers with this capability and the ability to actually use it.
The packaging of the dual interface card cannot be simply regarded as a simple combination of the contact card packaging technology and the contactless card packaging technology, and the process requirements and complexity are much higher than the contact card or the contactless card. There are currently two packaging technologies: injection molding and lamination. Simply put, injection molding is to complete the welding of the antenna and the module, place it in the mold, fix its position, and then inject the liquid plastic. After the material is cooled, the package is completed; the lamination is pressed into the antenna in the multi-layer packaging medium. The chip position uses a milling cutter to dig out the groove of the module size, and the module is fixed while ensuring the connection between the non-contact pin on the module and the two ends of the antenna. In addition, there are also printing methods to manufacture antennas. Cards based on this technology have not been applied yet, and performance is yet to be verified. There are many key technologies in the packaging process of the dual interface card, which are different from the package of the single interface card, such as the position and contact of the antenna correctly milled when the groove is milled; the antenna with the best design matching (the diameter, area and spacing of the antenna) Etc.), the length unit is calculated in micrometers; the two interfaces are not affected by each other; the degree of tight coupling between the antenna and the module, module and card base is directly related to parameters such as life, resistance to distortion and bending resistance; Quality inspection of the two interfaces after packaging, and so on. The card surface printing of the dual interface card is also slightly different from the general card. The bump of the antenna is likely to appear on the surface of the card, forming a very obvious mark.
The core technology developed by contactless reading and writing devices mainly relies on dedicated chips or modules imported from abroad to realize signal conversion and data communication, provide anti-collision mechanism and data security processing, and can be embedded in other devices. The manufacturer of the dual interface chip usually provides the corresponding read/write chip or module. The module can support its own chip and its compatible chip. The device manufacturer selects the corresponding module according to their own needs and realizes the morphological function. Different reading and writing devices, in fact, the internal radio frequency reading and writing core is similar, only a few.
Second, the application area
Internationally, Busan Korea established a city bus toll system based on dual interface cards in 1998. Although the application form is not a typical dual interface card, it is also the beginning of contact non-contact hybrid application, and verified the feasibility of this technology. Sex. In the financial sector, international financial organizations are considering the transition of financial cards to IC cards, and dual-interface cards are also under consideration; in the public transport sector in France, Italy and Singapore, urban buses supporting dual-interface cards have been implemented or are being prepared. System; in the field of identity authentication, a new generation of identity documents in Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong are considered to be implemented using dual interface cards. In some countries, telecom cards, loyalty cards, and campus cards all express strong interest in dual-interface cards.
The application of dual interface cards in China should be very representative. It should be said that there is no obvious gap between domestic and international, and even domestic technology development and application promotion are ahead of the international market.
The largest and most successful dual-interface card is typically used in the Dalian City Card System, which issues the Dalian “Pearl Cardâ€, which is used for automatic metering of buses, taxis, light rails, and future water and electricity meter charges in urban public utilities. Financial payments, shopping, etc. A total of nearly 500,000 cards have been issued so far, and they are in good condition. His significance is that the technology of the dual interface card has entered the stage of use, and is no longer just a technology leader.
In domestic applications, in addition to the public sector, there is also an ETC (electronic non-stop) toll collection system in the field of intelligent transportation. Two application examples are the Shanghai Hongqiao Airport Expressway non-stop toll collection system and the Guangdong Expressway Networked Non-stop toll collection system. The current implementation method is a two-piece electronic label based on a dual interface card, which is used for highway collection and payment. When the vehicle quickly passes through the open toll lane, the in-vehicle electronic tag uses the contact interface of the dual interface card to communicate with the toll antenna at the roadside; in the toll booth, the card is pulled out of the electronic tag through its non-contact interface. Debit the wallet on the card.
At the beginning of 2002, the National Tourism Administration issued a dual-interface card tour guide card nationwide, with nearly 200,000 copies. Sinopec's fuel card project also incorporates dual interface cards into the specification. The fuel card based on dual interface cards has obvious advantages in practical applications, mainly in terms of longevity and adaptability to the environment.
The advantages of the dual interface card are mainly reflected in the following points:
safety
Mobility
Convenience
The dual interface card is compatible with existing contact IC card devices, and the system is easy to upgrade; the non-contact mode is faster and more convenient. The dual interface card has a non-contact interface that allows the card to be used without being removed from the wallet, as the card's read and write operations do not require physical contact with the card reader terminal. Such a card is not easily physically worn, so the dual interface card is not easily affected by the environment and destroys the use effect.
At present, the actual application of dual interface cards is not a lot. As a new product, a process is required for users to accept and approve. At present, the focus of product application is on urban utilities, the so-called card system. For simple bus automatic toll collection systems, owners tend to use contactless logic encryption cards. However, if it is the city card, the municipal card system, the current concept of “urban card†abroad, covering the consumption areas commonly used by citizens in the city, using dual interface cards, it is excellent in terms of safety, convenience, and system construction cost. For logical encryption cards, the infrastructure and facilities of contact IC cards have been established for certain areas. With proven technology, contact CPU cards will continue to be used. For example, the banking community is beginning to be interested in handling large transaction volumes in the field of contactless cards, which is another advantage of dual interface card applications.
The dual interface card has a dual information exchange method to make full use of the existing contact card system to add a small amount of non-contact charging equipment to form a safe and efficient card consumption system. If you cooperate with the financial department to use the trading outlets and ATMs to transfer the bank account money into the card e-wallet, you can save investment in different system construction recharge outlets. Some small transactions, such as bus system charges, parks, cinema tickets, campus cards, fines, etc., can make use of the non-contact method convenient and fast. Large transactions can be made with more secure contact devices.
Third, there are problems
The emergence of a new thing always requires a process of development and improvement, adapting to the needs of the market while perfecting, and also the process of people's cognition and acceptance, even if there is a technological lead and how many advantages, if not The combination of market demand is still not acceptable to people.
Although the application of the dual interface card has been proposed many years ago, it is only just taking the first step, and there are many problems to be solved.
From a technical perspective:
At present, the biggest problem that hinders the development of dual interface cards should be the price issue. The price of dual interface cards is much higher than that of contact smart cards and contactless logical encryption cards, plus the difficulty of operating system development and special requirements for work and packaging. The complexity of product improvement and support leads to high prices. Secondly, it lacks perfect test standards and basis. It only uses some vague concepts to measure test products. The core of technology is in the hands of a few foreign manufacturers. There are very few chip manufacturers, and there is no effective competition mechanism, which affects the user's choice and decision in project implementation. From the chip and read and write devices, it is also relatively simple.
From an application perspective:
The majority of users have not fully accepted the concept of dual interface cards, and in the selection of projects, there is no serious consideration of dual interface cards. The dual interface card is the most suitable card for the card system, but the system design does not have a template to follow. How to plan the dual interface card in a specific industry or a specific project, how to give full play to the advantages of the dual interface card, save system investment and construction, User-friendly, this is still a question we are constantly exploring. Moreover, people's security awareness should be strengthened, and the application field of IC cards should be further expanded and improved. The Mifare 1 card has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, but its security is not comparable to that of dual-interface cards, but users often feel that Its security is enough. Furthermore, in high-end applications, such as finance, IC card applications need to be expanded and popularized to make dual interface cards useful.
From a market perspective:
China's regional administration has its own characteristics. Each place and every industry has an independent mode of operation. To a large extent, it can issue cards without restrictions, such as the bus system issuing, social security or other industries. The card was issued again. Any vehicle inside the bus system must issue the card itself. From a technical point of view, it is easy to combine these applications onto a single card; but the key is management mechanisms and profit-driven, hindering the use of one card and one card.
The development and popularization of dual interface cards is an important stage in the development of smart cards, and it is also a turning point. For the business in the IC card field is a test, but also a downtime, non-contact technology is more difficult to achieve than contact mode reading and writing technology, not only need some specific knowledge background, but also rely on dedicated RF read-write module or chip, cost High and complex. The current equipment mainly focuses on special-purpose reading and writing equipment for specific applications, lacking mature, universal, and stable non-contact equipment, and the equipment should also consider the problem of compatibility with chip cards of different manufacturers. Card compatibility also needs to be unified. In addition to the standard Type A and Type B defined in ISO/IEC 14443, there are many manufacturers that provide more or less chips that are not completely compatible and compatible with the standard. The manufacturer or organization is self-contained and follows its own standards. Users face a variety of choices, but also need to consider the system's standards, compatibility, upgrades, supply, openness and many other factors. Merchants also need to choose.
Fourth, the prospects and trends of development
In the near future, dual interface cards may be used in various public transportation systems such as buses, trams, subways, taxis, and light rails.
Various toll collection systems, such as highways, bridge tolls, terminals, port parking, parking charges, etc.
Various access management systems, such as post management, attendance management, access control management, etc.
Various prepaid occasions, such as telephones, electricity meters, gas meters, water meters, etc.;
Various bill purchase occasions, such as parks, cinemas, airports, train stations, docks, etc.
Various areas of personnel management. Such as driver management, logistics management, vehicle management, food and beverage consumption management, library management, etc.
Various financial trading areas. It can be used as a debit card, credit card, credit card, e-wallet card, etc. in banks, postal services, telecommunications, securities transactions, shopping malls, and entertainment venues with high security requirements.
A variety of areas that require encryption and authentication. Can be used for mobile phone SIM card, e-commerce transaction security certification card, electronic funds transfer card.
Various areas of identification. Can be used for identification card cargo management card, social insurance card, medical insurance card, business management card, patent card, tax declaration card, medical record card, various discount cards, student ID.
The above is too general to talk about. Recently, foreign countries, such as South Korea, proposed a new application mode for dual interface cards: embedding small-sized cards in mobile phones, the module does not need to lead to a separate non-contact interface, the mobile phone has an embedded antenna, and the chip is utilized. The remaining contacts on the module are connected to the antenna on the phone for non-contact communication, ie the antenna inside the card should extend into the phone.
Beijing has begun to design and implement a dual-interface card municipal system, and will be far-sighted to the Olympics, with broad prospects. The mobile platform based on dual interface cards also has a huge business opportunity. Through contact interface and non-contact interface, it can provide users with various services including telecommunications and finance.
The development of chip technology has been very rapid, and has evolved from the original 0.6 micron process, 8Kbytes space, Type A, DES, to the current 0.35 micron to 0.18 micron process, 4K, 8K, 16K, 32K, Type A&Type B&Mifare 1, DES & RSA. A dual interface card based on JAVA technology will soon be born. New technologies are emerging, and we are waiting to see more new products that we expect.
The high price of reading and writing equipment used to be a bottleneck restricting the development of contactless card applications. At present, whether it is a dedicated chip or a module, the price has dropped significantly compared with the past, and new products are continuously introduced. The price of this kind of product has not only decreased, but also the function has been greatly improved, and the processing capability has been greatly enhanced. Some modules have changed from supporting a single card to supporting multiple cards at the same time, realizing Mifare 1, standard Type A, Type B. Several cards are supported at the same time.
For the issuer and the user, selecting the Class A card and the Class B card does not affect the operation of the card application system, and directly affects the system's choice of non-contact reading and writing tools. At present, the development of non-contact RF reading and writing devices is compatible with a variety of types of cards, the same reader can recognize TYPE A and TYPE B and even more types of contactless cards, and the choice of tools becomes very large. In addition, dual interface chips supporting TYPE A and TYPE B have been introduced on the market, and cards can be set to support TYPE A or TYPE B according to user requirements. Cards of type TYPE A and TYPE B have their own advantages and disadvantages. It is not easy to say who is good or bad. Chinese users and other Asian countries seem to like Type A over Type B; but in the European market, people are also unique to Type B, and it should be said that there are more personal preferences, habits and cognitive sensations. Therefore, when performing card selection, it is not necessary to pay too much attention to whether to select TYPE A or TYPE B.
Non-contact technology is an important trend in the development of IC cards. Dual-interface cards will exist in a certain period of time. When people's cognition reaches a certain stage, the objective factors such as standardization, price, and support equipment have enough growth soil. Will develop on a large scale. But in what form it will exist, this has yet to be developed and progressed in technology. Perhaps a single-interface contactless smart card, perhaps in other forms, has no guess. It is completely dependent on the development of technology and the choice of the market. But we should be full of confidence.
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